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Carbon inventory requiring estimation of carbon dioxide emissions and removals in land-use categories for national greenhouse gas inventory and changes in stocks of carbon in projects aimed at climate change mitigation has become increasingly important in global efforts to address climate change. Hence, there is a need for a handbook that provides guidelines and methods required for carbon inventory. Carbon Inventory Methods Handbook provides detailed step-by-step information on sampling procedures, field and laboratory measurements, application of remote sensing and GIS techniques, modeling, and calculation procedures along with sources of data for carbon inventory. The unique feature of this handbook is that it provides practical guidance on carbon inventory methods for four kinds of projects, namely, 1) development, implementation and monitoring of carbon mitigation in forest, agriculture and grassland sectors, 2) national greenhouse gas inventory in agriculture, forest, and other land-use categories, 3) forest, grassland and agroforestry development and 4) commercial and community forestry roundwood production. Carbon Inventory Methods Handbook is an essential source of reference to universities and research institutions dealing with climate change, consultancy and non-governmental organizations involved in developing and monitoring land-based mitigation projects, donor agencies funding carbon mitigation projects, national greenhouse gas inventory agencies, United Nations agencies and mechanisms such as Clean Development Mechanism and Global Environment Facility, roundwood production and land reclamation project developers and managers, and forest departments.

Meteorology. Climatology --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Forestry --- milieubeheer --- bossen --- klimaatverandering

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Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard, 2nd Edition, comprehensively describes the nature and process of tsunami formation, outlines field evidence for detecting the presence of past events, and describes notable events linked to earthquakes, volcanoes, submarine landslides, and comet impacts. The author provides a clear approach to the study of tsunami, through dynamics, impact on coastlines, and overviews of the various major mechanisms of tsunami generation. Liberal case studies and examples highlight the significance of this underrated natural hazard for coastal societies. In particular, Dr Bryant studies in detail the great tsunami that struck the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004, making it one of the largest natural disasters to occur in recorded history. The book is divided into four parts. Part I considers tsunami as a known hazard, starting in Chapter 1 with legends and stories and questioning whether they are scientific fact or legend. Dr Bryant looks at the causes of tsunami, their distribution and fatalities in the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand and Australia as well as in bays, fjords, inland seas and lakes. Chapter 2 studies the dynamics of tsunami, their characteristics, the wave theory and the run-up and inundation. In Part II tsunami-formed landscapes are examined, showing both the depositional and erosional signatures of tsunami in the coastal landscape, including chevrons and dune bedforms. The coastal landscape evolution is looked at in Chapter 4, comparing catastrophism against uniformitarianism and tsunami versus storms. Examples and types of coastal landscapes created by tsunami, particularly in Australia, Grand Cayman, the Bahamas and Chilean coast are also given. Part III looks at the main causes of tsunami: earthquakes, great landslides, volcanic eruptions and comets and meteorites. The modern risk of tsunami is covered in Part IV, detailing locations and avoidance, including warning systems. Dr Bryant ends this unique study of a fascinating subject with five stories of different tsunamis.

Geophysics --- Hydrosphere --- Meteorology. Climatology --- tsunami --- klimatologie --- meteorologie --- geofysica --- oceanografie

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The two-way oceanic exchanges that connect the Arctic and Atlantic oceans through subarctic seas are of fundamental importance to climate. Change may certainly be imposed on the Arctic Ocean from subarctic seas, including a changing poleward ocean heat flux that is central to determining the present state and future fate of the perennial sea-ice. And the signal of Arctic change is expected to have its major climatic impact by reaching south through subarctic seas, either side of Greenland, to modulate the Atlantic thermohaline ˜conveyor'. Developing the predictive skills of climate models is seen to be the most direct way of extending the ability of society to mitigate for or adapt to 'global change' and is the main justification for continuing an intense observational effort in these waters. As records have lengthened, they have shown that important aspects of oceanic exchange through subarctic seas are currently at a long-term extreme state, providing further motivation for their study. As one important example, the longest records of all show that the temperature of the main oceanic inflow to the Norwegian Sea along the Scottish shelf and slope, and the temperature of the poleward extension of that flow through the Kola Section of the Barents Sea have never been greater in >100 years. However, we are only now beginning to understand the climatic impact of the remarkable events that are currently in train in subarctic waters, and models remain undecided on some of the most basic issues that link change in our northern seas to climate. Reviewing the achievements of an intense recent observing and modelling effort, this volume intends to assemble the body of evidence that climate models will need if they are one day to make that assessment, quantifying the ocean exchanges through subarctic seas, describing their importance to climate as we currently understand it, explaining their variability, setting out our current ideas on the forcing of these fluxes and our improved capability in modelling the fluxes themselves and the processes at work. Much of that evidence is assembled here for the first time. Audience: This book will be of interest to researchers and scientists in oceanographic and climate research institutions, fisheries laboratories, arctic/polar institutions, climate change policy advisors.

geografie --- oceanografie --- klimatologie --- meteorologie --- klimaatveranderingen --- Meteorology. Climatology --- Geography --- Hydrosphere --- Oceanography --- Océanographie --- Climatic changes --- Climat --- Changements

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This volume collects a number of theoretical and experimental lectures on various aspects of transport and mixing of active and passive particles in geophysical flows. Transports in fluids can be approached from two complementary perspectives: in the Eulerian view of mixing, the focus is on the concentration field - advection stetches and folds the concentration field and sharpens the gradients, while diffusion smoothes the field. In the Langrangian view, fluid parcels are followed around as they move with the flow, experiencing chaotic or stochastic motion. Both pictures are considered in the present lectures, with passive particles carried freely by the flow and reactive particles, where chemically or biologically induced reactions change the character of the particles.

Geophysics --- Meteorology. Climatology --- Gases handling. Fluids handling --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- klimatologie --- milieutechnologie --- meteorologie --- geofysica --- vloeistoffen

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Bringing the Sun Down to Earth is intended for teachers, students, and anyone who wants to understand their environment. It provides a unique perspective to monitoring the role of the sun and Earth's atmosphere in maintaining our planet as a place hospitable to advanced life as we understand it. The book first presents some science background about the sun and Earth's atmosphere and then describes the kinds of measurements that can be made with inexpensive equipment to study how solar radiation interacts with the atmosphere on its way to Earth's surface. Such measurements are critical to understanding the forces that will modify Earth's climate during the 21st century. The book describes in detail how to design, build, calibrate, and use inexpensive instruments for measuring solar radiation, ranging from total radiation from the entire sky to narrow spectral bands of radiation travelling along a path directly from the sun. Students and their teachers will learn a great deal about weather, the seasons, and the atmosphere, and they will develop a much better understanding of how to measure the physical world around them. When these instruments are calibrated and used properly, they can be used for serious research that produces results comparable to data from other ground-based sources provided by the science community.

Teacher education. Teacher's profession --- Meteorology. Climatology --- Geology. Earth sciences --- klimatologie --- geologie --- meteorologie --- lerarenopleiding --- klimaatverandering